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Monday 31 July 2017

Basic & Simple Computer Knowledge Questions & Answers Video



Basic & Simple Computer Knowledge Questions & Answers

Saturday 29 July 2017

BASIC CONCEPTS OF COMPUTER

                                                                             
 BASIC CONCEPTS OF COMPUTER


1.1 INTRODUCTION
A computer is a programmable machine designed to perform arithmetic and logical operations automatically and sequentially on the input given by the user and gives the desired output after processing. Computer components are divided into two major categories namely hardware and
software. Hardware is the machine itself and its connected devices such as monitor, keyboard, mouse etc. Software are the set of programs that make use of hardware for performing various functions.

1.2 OBJECTIVES

After going through this lesson you would be able to:
 Familiarise yourself with characteristics of computers
 Identify the basic components of a computer
 Explain the importance of various units of a computer
 Differentiate between system software and application software
 Explain the importance of operating system
 Get acquainted with open source
 Appreciate the need of computer security

1.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS
The characteristics of computers that have made them so powerful and universally useful are speed, accuracy, diligence, versatility and storage capacity. Let us discuss them briefly.

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Speed
Computers work at an incredible speed. A powerful computer
is capable of performing about 3-4 million simple instructions
per second.

Accuracy
In addition to being fast, computers are also accurate. Errors
that may occur can almost always be attributed to human
error (inaccurate data, poorly designed system or faulty
instructions/programs written by the programmer).

Diligence
Unlike human beings, computers are highly consistent. They
do not suffer from human traits of boredom and tiredness
resulting in lack of concentration. Computers, therefore, are
better than human beings in performing voluminous and
repetitive jobs.

Versatility
Computers are versatile machines and are capable of
performing any task as long as it can be broken down into a
series of logical steps. The presence of computers can be
seen in almost every sphere – Railway/Air reservation, Banks,
Hotels, Weather forecasting and many more.

Storage Capacity
Today’s computers can store large volumes of data. A piece
of information once recorded (or stored) in the computer,
can never be forgotten and can be retrieved almost
instantaneously.

1.4 COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

Fig.1.1: Computer System
                                           
                                                                                                           


_________________________________________________Basic Concepts of Computer :: 3
A computer system (fig.1.1) consists of mainly four basic units; namely input unit, storage unit, central processing unit and output unit. Central Processing unit further includes Arithmetic logic unit and control unit, as shown in Figure 1.2.

A computer performs five major operations or functions irrespective of its size and make. 
These are
 It accepts data or instructions as input,
 It stores data and instruction
 It processes data as per the instructions,
 It controls all operations inside a computer, and
 It gives results in the form of output.

1.4.1 Functional Units:

A. Input Unit: This unit is used for entering data and programs into the computer system by the user for processing.
                               
                   
                              Fig. 1.2: Basic computer Organization        
   
Dotted lines (–– – –) indicate flow of instruction 
solid lines (–––––) indicate flow of data

B. Storage Unit: The storage unit is used for storing data
and instructions before and after processing.

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C. Output Unit: The output unit is used for storing the result as output produced by the computer after processing.

D. Processing: The task of performing operations like arithmetic and logical operations is called processing. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) takes data and instructions from the storage unit and makes all sorts of calculations based on the instructions given and the type of data provided. It is then sent back to the storage unit. CPU includes Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit
(CU)

Arithmetic Logic Unit: All calculations and comparisons, based on the instructions provided, are carried out within the ALU. It performs arithmetic
functions like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and also logical operations like greater than, less than and equal to etc.

Control Unit: Controlling of all operations like input, processing and output are performed by control unit. It takes care of step by step processing of all operations inside the computer.

1.4.2 Memory
Computer’s memory can be classified into two types; primary
memory and secondary memory

A. Primary Memory can be further classified as RAM and
ROM.

RAM or Random Access Memory is the unit in a computer system. It is the place in a computer where the operating system, application programs and the
data in current use are kept temporarily so that they can be accessed by the computer’s processor. It is said to be ‘volatile’ since its contents are accessible
only as long as the computer is on. The contents of RAM are no more available once the computer is turned off.

____________________________________________Basic Concepts of Computer :: 5

ROM or Read Only Memory is a special type of memory which can only be read and contents of which are not lost even when the computer is switched off. It typically contains manufacturer’s instructions. Among other things, ROM also stores an initial program called the ‘bootstrap loader’ whose function is to start the operation of computer system once the power is turned
on.

B. Secondary Memory

RAM is volatile memory having a limited storage capacity. Secondary/auxiliary memory is storage other than the RAM. These include devices that are peripheral and are connected and controlled by the computer to enable
permanent storage of programs and data. Secondary storage devices are of two types; magnetic and optical. Magnetic devices include hard disks and optical
storage devices are CDs, DVDs, Pen drive, Zip drive etc.

Hard Disk
                          
                               Fig. 1.3: Hard Disk

Hard disks are made up of rigid material and are usually a stack of metal disks sealed in a box. The hard disk and the hard disk drive exist together as a unit and is a permanent part of the computer where data and programs
are saved. These disks have storage capacities ranging from 1GB to 80 GB and more. Hard disks are rewritable.

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Compact Disk
Compact Disk (CD) is portable disk having data storage capacity between 650-700 MB. It can hold large amount of information such as music, full-motion videos, and text etc. CDs can be either read only or read write type.

Digital Video Disk


Digital Video Disk (DVD) is similar to a CD but has larger
storage capacity and enormous clarity. Depending upon
the disk type it can store several Gigabytes of data. DVDs
are primarily used to store music or movies and can be
played back on your television or the computer too. These
are not rewritable.

1.4.3 Input / Output Devices:

These devices are used to enter information and instructions into a computer for storage or processing and to deliver the processed data to a user. Input/Output devices are required for users to communicate with the computer. In simple terms, input devices bring information INTO the computer and output devices bring information OUT of a computer system. These input/output devices are also known as peripherals since they surround the CPU and memory of a computer system.

A) Input Devices
An input device is any device that provides input to a computer. There are many input devices, but the two most common ones are a keyboard and mouse. Every key you press on the keyboard and every movement or
click you make with the mouse sends a specific input signal to the computer.

Keyboard: The keyboard is very much like a standard typewriter keyboard with a few additional keys. The basic QWERTY layout of characters is maintained to make it easy to use the system. The additional keys are included
to perform certain special functions. These are known as function keys that vary in number from keyboard to keyboard. (see fig. 1.4)

____________________________________________Basic Concepts of Computer :: 7


                         

                                      Fig. 1.4: Keyboard


Mouse: A device that controls the movement of the cursor or pointer on a display screen. A mouse is a small object you can roll along a hard and flat surface (Fig. 1.5). Its name is derived from its shape, which looks a bit like a
mouse. As you move the mouse, the pointer on the display screen moves in the same direction. 


                          

                                      Fig. 1.5: Mouse

Trackball: A trackball is an input device used to enter motion data into computers or other electronic devices. It serves the same purpose as a mouse, but is designed with a moveable ball on the top, which can be rolled in
any direction.

Touchpad: A touch pad is a device for pointing (controlling input positioning) on a computer display screen. It is an alternative to the mouse. Originally incorporated in laptop computers, touch pads are also being made for use with
desktop computers. A touch pad works by sensing the user’s finger movement and downward pressure.

Touch Screen: It allows the user to operate/make selections by simply touching the display screen. A display screen that is sensitive to the touch of a finger or stylus. Widely used on ATM machines, retail point-of-sale terminals, car navigation systems, medical monitors and industrial control panels.

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Light Pen: Light pen is an input device that utilizes a light-sensitive detector to select objects on a display screen. (Fig. 1.6)
                                      
           
                         
                                                     

                                     Fig. 1.6 Light Pen

Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR): MICR can identify character printed with a special ink that contains particles of magnetic material. This device particularly finds applications in banking industry.

Optical mark recognition (OMR): Optical mark recognition, also called mark sense reader is a technology where an OMR device senses the presence or absence of a mark, such as pencil mark. OMR is widely used in tests such as aptitude test.

Bar code reader: Bar-code readers are photoelectric scanners that read the bar codes or vertical zebra strips marks, printed on product containers. These devices are generally used in super markets, bookshops etc.

Scanner: Scanner is an input device that can read text
or illustration printed on paper and translates the
information into a form that the computer can use. A
scanner works by digitizing an image. (Fig. 1.7)

                            
                                                         
                                  Fig. 1.7 Scanner


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B. Output Devices:
Output device receives information from the CPU and presents it to the user in the desired from. The processed data, stored in the memory of the computer is sent to the output unit, which then converts it into a form that can be understood by the user. The output is usually produced in one of the two ways – on the display device, or on paper (hard copy).

Monitor: is often used synonymously with “computer screen” or “display.” Monitor is an output device that resembles the television screen (fig. 1.8). It may use a Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) to display information. The monitor is associated with a keyboard for manual input of characters and displays the information as it is keyed in. It also displays the program or application output.
Like the television, monitors are also available in different sizes.

                      
  
                                  Fig. 1.8: Monitor

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Printer: Printers are used to produce paper (commonly known as hardcopy) output. Based on the technology used, they can be classified as Impact or Non-impact printers.

Impact printers use the typewriting printing mechanism wherein a hammer strikes the paper through a ribbon in order to produce output. Dot-matrix and Character printers fall under this category.

Non-impact printers do not touch the paper while printing. They use chemical, heat or electrical signals to etch the symbols on paper. Inkjet, Deskjet, Laser, Thermal printers fall under this category of printers.

Facsimile (FAX): Facsimile machine, a device that can send or receive pictures and text over a telephone line. Fax machines work by digitizing an image.

Sound cards and Speaker(s): An expansion board that enables a computer to manipulate and output sounds. Sound cards are necessary for nearly all CD-ROMs and have become commonplace on modern personal computers. Sound cards enable the computer to output sound through speakers connected to the board, to record sound input from a microphone connected to the computer, and manipulate sound stored on a disk.

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1.5 COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Computer software is the set of programs that makes the hardware perform a set of tasks in particular order. Hardware and software are complimentary to each other. Both have to work together to produce meaningful results. Computer software is classified into two broad categories; system software and application software.

1.5.1 System Software:
System software consists of a group of programs that control the operations of a computer equipment including functions like managing memory, managing peripherals, loading, storing, and is an interface between the application programs and the computer. MS DOS (Microsoft’s Disk Operating System), UNIX are examples of system software.

1.5.2 Application software:
Software that can perform a specific task for the user, such as word processing, accounting, budgeting or payroll, fall under the category of application software. Word processors, spreadsheets, database management systems are all examples of general purpose application software.

Types of application software are:

Word processing software: The main purpose of this software is to produce documents. MS-Word, Word Pad, Notepad and some other text editors are some of the examples of word processing software.

Database software: Database is a collection of related data. The purpose of this software is to organize and manage data. The advantage of this software is that you can change the way data is stored and displayed. MS access, dBase, FoxPro, Paradox, and Oracle are some of the examples of database software.

Spread sheet software: The spread sheet software is used to maintain budget, financial statements, grade sheets, and sales records. The purpose of this software is organizing numbers. It also allows the users to perform simple or complex calculations on the numbers entered in rows and columns. MS-Excel is one of the example of spreadsheet software.

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Presentation software: This software is used to display the information in the form of slide show. The three main functions of presentation software is editing that allows insertion and formatting of text, including graphics in
the text and executing the slide shows. The best example for this type of application software is Microsoft PowerPoint.

Multimedia software: Media players and real players are the examples of multimedia software. This software will allow the user to create audio and videos. The different forms of multimedia software are audio converters, players, burners, video encoders and decoders.

1.6 COMPUTER LANGUAGE

Computer language or programming language is a coded syntax used by computer programmers to communicate with a computer. Computer language establishes a flow of communication between software programs. The language
enables a computer user to dictate what commands the computer must perform to process data. These languages can be classified into following categories (Fig. 1.10).
1. Machine language
2. Assembly language
3. High level language
                            

1.6.1 Machine Language
Machine language or machine code is the native language directly understood by the computer’s central processing unit or CPU. This type of computer language is not easy to understand, as it only uses a binary system, an element of notations containing only a series of numbers consisting of one and zero, to produce commands.

1.6.2 Assembly Level Language
Assembly Level Language is a set of codes that can run directly on the computer’s processor. This type of language is most appropriate in writing operating systems and maintaining desktop applications. With the assembly level language, it is easier for a programmer to define commands. It is easier to understand and use as compared to machine language.

1.6.3 High Level Language
High Level Languages are user-friendly languages which are similar to English with vocabulary of words and symbols. These are easier to learn and require less time to write. They are problem oriented rather than ‘machine’ based.
Program written in a high-level language can be translated into many machine languages and therefore can run on any computer for which there exists an appropriate translator.















Friday 28 July 2017

Computer Knowledge Basic

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Contact :+91-9958719557 


                                   CoMpUtEr - KnOw LeDgE


Computer Basics


About the computer.

C - Commonly   
O - Operating   
M - Machine                               
P - Particularly  
U - Used for
T - Technical/Trade
E - Education
R - Research 

What is a Computer?
computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data. You may already know that you can use a computer to type documents, send email, play games, and browse the Web. You can also use it to edit or create spreadsheets, presentations, and even videos.
    Computer is collection of Hardware and Software components Which in many difference task. 

                                    Hardware vs. software
Before we talk about different types of computers, let's talk about two things all computers have in common: hardware and software.
  • Hardware is any part of your computer that has a physical structure, such as the keyboard or mouse. It also includes all of the computer's internal parts, which you can see in the image below. 
image of a motherboard
  • Software is any set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do and how to do it. Examples of software include web browsers, games, and word processors. Below, you can see an image of Microsoft PowerPoint, which is used to create presentations. Software is soul of computer.  

Screenshot of PowerPoint 2013
Everything you do on your computer will rely on both hardware and software. For example, right now you may be viewing this lesson in a web browser (software) and using your mouse (hardware) to click from page to page. As you learn about different types of computers, ask yourself about the differences in their hardware. As you progress through this tutorial, you'll see that different types of computers also often use different types of software.

What are the different types of computers?

When most people hear the word computer, they think of a personal computer such as a desktop or laptop. However, computers come in many shapes and sizes, and they perform many different functions in our daily lives. When you withdraw cash from an ATM, scan groceries at the store, or use a calculator, you're using a type of computer.
grid of people using computers

Desktop computers

a desktop computer
Many people use desktop computers at work, home, and school. Desktop computers are designed to be placed on a desk, and they're typically made up of a few different parts, including the computer casemonitorkeyboard, and mouse.
            Laptop computers

                                                             a laptop computer

The second type of computer you may be familiar with is a laptop computer, commonly called a laptop. Laptops are battery-powered computers that are more portable than desktops, allowing you to use them almost anywhere.

Tablet computers

a tablet computer
Tablet computers — or tablets —are handheld computers that are even more portable than laptops. Instead of a keyboard and mouse, tablets use a touch-sensitive screen for typing and navigation. The iPad is an example of a tablet.

Servers

A server room
server is a computer that serves up information to other computers on a network. For example, whenever you use the Internet, you're looking at something that's stored on a server. Many businesses also use local file servers to store and share files internally.

Other types of computers

Many of today's electronics are basically specialized computers, though we don't always think of them that way. Here are a few common examples.
  • Smartphones: Many cell phones can do a lot of things computers can do, including browsing the Internet and playing games. They are often called smartphones.
  • Wearables: Wearable technology is a general term for a group of devices—including fitness trackers and smartwatches—that are designed to be worn throughout the day. These devices are often called wearables for short.
  • Game consoles: game console is a specialized type of computer that is used for playing video games on your TV.
  • TVs: Many TVs now include applications—or apps—that let you access various types of online content. For example, you can stream video from the Internet directly onto your TV.

PCs and Macs

Personal computers come in two main styles: PC and Mac. Both are fully functional, but they have a different look and feel, and many people prefer one or the other.

PCs

a windows PC
This type of computer began with the original IBM PC that was introduced in 1981. Other companies began creating similar computers, which were called IBM PC Compatible (often shortened to PC). Today, this is the most common type of personal computer, and it typically includes the Microsoft Windows operating system.

Macs

a mac computer
The Macintosh computer was introduced in 1984, and it was the first widely sold personal computer with a graphical user interface, or GUI (pronounced gooey). All Macs are made by one company (Apple), and they almost always use the Mac OS Xoperating system.